Introduction to Academic Writing. The Third Edition of Introduction to Academic Writing, by Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue, continues in the tradition of helping students to master the standard organizational patterns of the paragraph and the basic concepts of essay writing. The text's time-proven approach integrates the study of rhetorical patterns and the writing. Writing Academic English. The five-level series spans writing topics from composing sentences to writing research papers.
Each level covers the complete writing process from prewriting to … Alice Oshima, Ann Hogue. Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue. Alice Oshima.. Some Books Bellow will give you all associated to longman academic writing series 4 answer key!
Oshima Alice, Hogue Ann. It is one of the most important and completed textbook. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Everyday low … This best-selling series takes the mystery out of the composition process as it helps college-bound and college-level ESL students quickly improve their ability to write effectively in English.
Addressing organization, rhetoric, grammar and mechanics, and sentence structure, these texts offer clear steps, numerous models, and many opportunities for writing practice. All pages are intact, and the cover is intact. Features: a step-by-step approach guides students through the process of writing paragraphs and essays; clear models and varied practice help students to … Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue. Series Description ; Series Key Features; The new edition of Introduction to Academic Writing is organized in a smooth flow of rhetorical instruction and helps students close the gap between pre-writing and final draft.
New Try it Out! Now in its fourth edition, Writing Academic English, by Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue, is the essential writing text to prepare high-intermediate and advanced college or college-bound English language learners for academic success.
Saniatul Iklima. Review These are the important points covered in this chapter: 1. It clearly states the main idea of the paragraph but does not include specific details. Writing Practice In the back of the book is an appendix outlining the steps in the writing process Appendix A, pages Following the writing process steps will help you write successfully. Your instructor may direct you to follow some or all of them.
Writing a Paragraph Step 1 Begin with a topic sentence that you wrote in Practice 3. Write several supporting sentences. Include at least one specific example. End with a concluding sentence. It is on page at the back of the book. Answer the questions on it and write a second draft if necessary. Tear the page out of the book and bling it with your paragraph to class. Step 3 Exchange papers with a classmate and check each other's paragraph using Peer-Editing Worksheet 1 on page It is on the back side of the Self-Editing Worksheet.
After your classmate has completed the checklist, discuss it with him or her and decide what changes you should make. Step 4 At home or in class as your instructor directs , write a final copy of your paragraph, making any improvements you discussed with your peer editor. Step 5 Hand in your first draft, your second draft, and the page containing the two editing worksheets.
These assignments give you practice in thinking and wliting quickly,-as you will have to do for essay examinations. Your instmctor may choose to change the time Writing under Pressure limit or assign other topics depending on the needs and interests of the class.
Choose one of the suggested topics and write a well-organized paragraph. Your instructor will give you a time limit. Try to use a specific example to support your topic sentence. Unity means that a paragraph discusses one and only one main idea from beginning to end.
For example, if your paragraph is about the advantages of owning a compact car, discuss only that. Do not discuss the disadvantages. Furthermore, discuss only one advantage, such as gas economy, in each paragraph. If you begin to discuss another advantage, start a new paragraph. Sometimes it is possible to discuss more than one aspect of the same idea in one paragraph if they are closely related to each other.
For example, you could discuss gas economy and low maintenance costs in the same paragraph because they are closely related, but you should not discuss both gas economy and easier parking in the same paragraph because they are not closely related. The second part of unity is that every supporting sentence must directly explain or prove the main idea.
The three paragraphs that follow all discuss the same topic. Only one of them shows unity. First read the paragraphs. Then answer these questions. Which paragraph has unity? Which paragraph does not have unity because it discusses two different topics? Which paragraph does not have unity because it has sentences that are not related to the main topic? Paragraph 1 Effects of Color Colors create biological reactions in our bodies. These reactions, in turn, can change our behavior. In one study, prisoners were put in a pink room, and they underwent a drastic and measurable decrease in muscle strength and hostility within 2.
In another study, athletes needing shortbW:sts of energy were exposed to red light. Their muscle strength increased by Athletes needing more endurance for longer performances responded best when exposed to blue light.
Other studies have shown that the color green is calming. Green was a sacred color to the Egyptians, representing the hope and joy of spring. It is also a sacred color to Moslems. Many mosques and religious temples throughout the world use green the color of renewal and growth and blue the color of heaven to balance heavenly peace with spiritual growth.
To sum up, color influences us in many ways Daniels In another study, athletes needing short bursts of energy were exposed to red light. After London's Blackfriars Bridge was painted green, the number of suicides decreased by 34 percent.
These and other studies clearly demonstrate that color affects not only our moods but our behavior as well Daniels IDaniels, Amanda. In one study, athletes needing short bursts of energy were exposed to red light. Blue is not a good color for dinnerware, however. Food looks less appetizing when it is served on blue plates, perhaps because very few foods in nature are of that color. After London's Blackfriars Bridge was painted green, the number of suicides from it decreased by 34 percent.
It is clear that color affects not just our moods, but our behavior as well Daniels Both of the following paragraphs break the rule of unity because they contain one or more sentences that are off the topic.
Step 1 Locate and underline the topic sentence of each paragraph. Step 2 Cross out the sentence or sentences that are off the topic. Paragraph 1 Adventure travel is the hot trend in the tourism industry. Ordinary people are no longer content to spend their two weeks away from the office resting on a sunny beach in Florida. More and more often, they are choosing to spend their vacations rafting down wild rivers, hiking through steamy rain forests, climbing the world's highest mountains, or crossing slippery glaciers.
J People of all ages are choosing educational study tours for their vacations. Paragraph 2 DaredevW sports are also becoming popular. Young people especially are increasingly willing to risk life and limb3 while mountain biking, backcountry snowboarding, or high-speed skateboarding. Soccer is also popular in the United States now, although football is still more popular.
One of the riskiest new sports is skysurfing, in which people jump out of airplanes with boards attached to their feet. Skysurfing rivals4 skydiving and bungee jumping for the amount of thrills- and risk. Both of the following paragraphs not only have sentences that are off the topic but also discuss two or more topics.
Step 1 Decide where each paragraph should be divided into two paragraphs. Underline the topic sentence of each. Step 2 Find sentence s that are off the topic and cross them out. The question is-which language? Because the Internet grew up in the United States, the largest percentage of its content is now in English. Bill Gates, Microsoft's president, believes that English will remain valuable for a long time as a common language for international communication.
He says, "Unless you read English passably well, you miss out on some of the Internet experience. That day is decades away, however, because flawless machine translation is a very tough problem. Computer spelling checkers also exist for various languages. Software that does crudes translations already exists. It is useful if all you are trying to do is understand the general idea of something you see on your computer screen.
However, if you are trying to negotiate a contract or discuss a scientific subject where details are important, machine translation is totally useless Gates. For example, when someone offers you food or a beverage in the United States, accept it the first time it is offered.
If you say, "No, thank you" because it is polite to decline the first one or two offers in your culture, you could become very hungry and thirsty in the United States. There, a host thinks that "no" means "no" and will usually not offer again.
Meals in the United States are usually more informal than meals in other countries, and the times of meals may be different. Although North Americans are usually very direct in social matters, there are a few occasions when they are not.
If a North American says, "Please drop by sometime," he mayor may not want you to visit him in his home. Your clue that this may not be a real invitation is the word "sometime. In other areas of the United States, however, "dropping by" is a friendly, neighborly gesture. Idioms are often difficult for newcomers to understand. Coherence Another element of a good paragraph is coherence.
The Latin verb cohere means "hold together. There must be no sudden jumps. Each sentence should flow smoothly into the next one.
Syndicated column, Repeat key nouns. Use consistent pronouns. Use transition signals to link ideas. Arrange your ideas in logical order. Repetition The easiest way to achieve coherence is to repeat key nouns frequently in your para- ofKe! Read the model paragraph about gold to see how it uses this technique to smooth the flow of sentences.
The key noun in this paragraph is gold. Circle the word gold and all pronouns that refer to it. Gold Paragraph 1Gold, a precIous metal,is prized for two important characteristics. You should have circled the noun gold seven times, the pronoun it twice, and the pronoun its three times.
The word it in sentence 5 refers to coin, not gold, so you should not have circled it. There is no fixed rule about how often to repeat key nouns or when to substitute pronouns. You should repeat a key noun instead of using a pronoun when the mean- ing is not clear. Throughout the following paragraph, the word gold has been replaced by pro- nouns, making the paragraph much less coherent.
MODEI5 :. Gold Paragraph Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. First of without all, it has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion. Therefore, it is suitable Coherence for jewelry, coins, and ornamental purposes. It never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever. Another of its important characteristics is its usefulness to industry and science. For many years, it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications, such as photography and dentistry.
Its most recent use is in astronauts' suits. Astronauts wear heat shields made from it for protection when they go outside spaceships in space. In conclusion, it is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility.
In the following paragraph, the key noun is never repeated. Replace the pronoun it with the key noun English wherever you think doing so would Key Nouns make the paragraph more coherent.
English 1English has almost become an international language. SSpanish is the official language of more countries in the world, but more countries have it as their official or unofficial second language. Bin international business, it is used more than any other language, and it is the language of airline pilots and air traffic controllers all over the world.
Brherefore, unless you plan to spend your life alone on a desert island in the middle--of the Pacific Ocean, it is a useful language to know. In the following passage about dolphins, replace some of the pronouns with appropriate singular or plural nouns.
Dolphins 1Dolphins are interesting because they display almost human behavior at times. Blf one is sick, it sends out a m,essage, and others in the area swim to help it. B-rhey stay with it for days or weeks until it recovers or dies. Navy is training them to become underwater bomb disposal experts. For example, in sentence 8 of the first paragraph about gold, the writer substituted the noun use as a synonym for application in sentence 7, thereby smoothing the flow of thought from one sentence to the next.
Idroop: sink down 2mope: act depressed. Key Noun Substitutes Step 2 Then circle a repetitions of the key nouns, b pronouns that refer to them, and c synonyms that are substitutes for them. You should have a total of 10 circles: 3 circles around key nouns, 3 around pronouns, and 4 around synonyms. Don't change from you to he or she change of person or from he to they change of number. Notice the changes the writer made for con- sistency in the following example. I revelry: celebration, festivities 2penance: punishment that you accept to say that you are sorry for misbehavior 'Roach, John.
In the following paragraph, the pronouns are not consistent. Correct them to make this paragraph more coherent. Using Consistent Pronouns Olympic Athletes Olympic athletes must be strong both physically and mentally. First of all, if you hope to compete in an Olympic sport, you must be physically strong. Furthermore, aspiring 4 Olympians must train rigorouslyS for many years. For the most demanding sports, they train several hours a day, five or six days a week, for ten or more years.
In addition to being physically strong, athletes must also be mentally tough. This means that you have to be totally dedicated to your sport, often giving up a normal school, family, and social life.
Being mentally strong also means that he or she must be able to withstand the intense pressure of interna- tional competition with its accompanying media6 coverage. Finally, not everyone can win a medal, so Olympians must possess the inner strength to live with defeat.
Transition Transition signals are expressions such as first, finally, and however, or phrases such Signals as in conclusion, on the other hand, and as a result.
Other kinds of words such as subordinators when, although , coordinators and, but , adjectives another, addi- tional , and prepositions because of, in spite of can serve as transition signals. Transition signals are like traffic signs; they tell your reader when to go forward, tum around, slow down, and stop. In other words, they tell your reader when you are giving a similar idea similarly, and, in addition , an opposite idea on the other hand, but, in contrast , an example for example , a result therefore, as a result , or a conclusion in conclusion.
Transition signals give a paragraph coherence because they guide your reader from one idea to the next. Which paragraph contains transition signals and is more coherent?
Circle all the transition signals you can identify. Transition Signa's Paragraph 1 One difference among the world's seas and oceans is that the salinity? There are reasons for this. In warm climates, water evaporates8 rapidly. The concentration 9 of salt is greater. The surrounding land is dry and does not contribute much freshwater to dilute lO the salty seawater.
In cold climate zones, water evaporates slowly. The runoff created by melting snow adds a considerable amount of freshwater to dilute the saline seawater.
There are two reasons for this. First of all, in warm climate zones, water evaporates rapidly; therefore, the concentration of salt is greater. Second, the surrounding land is dry; consequently, it does not contribute much freshwater to dilute the salty seawater. In cold climate zones, on the other hand, water evaporates slowly. Furthermore, the runoff created by melting snow adds a considerable amount of freshwater to dilute the saline seawater. Two tells you to look for two different reasons.
Ii First of all tells you that this is the first reason. Therefore and consequently indicate that the second statement is a result of the first statement. On the other hand tells you that an opposite idea is coming. There are different kinds of transition signals. Some of them are listed in the chart on page You will find a more complete list in Appendix C, pages Each group has different rules for position in a sentence and punctuation. Transition Words and Phrases and Conjunctive A.
The runoff created by melting snow, furthermore, adds a considerable amount of freshwater to dilute the saline seawater. The Mediterranean Sea is more saline than the Red Sea, however. The words and phrases in the last four groups in the chart for listing ideas and time sequences, for emphasizing, for giving reasons, and for conclusions usually appear only at the beginning of a sentence, not in the middle or at the end. Too usually appears only at the end of a sentence, sometimes preceded by a comma.
The short time words then, now, and soon usually do not need commas. In this case, we use them with a semicolon and a comma. Look at Compound Sentences with Conjunctive Adverbs on pages for more examples. Coordinators mayor may not have commas. When they connect two independent clauses, use a comma. When coordinators connect two words or phrases, do not use a comma.
Would you rather take a written or an oral exam? Children need not only love but also discipline. Exception: Some writers use a conuna before but and yet even when they do not connect independent clauses to emphasize the contrast of the connected ideas. The poem is solemn, yet optimistic in tone. Look at Compound Sentences with Coordinators on pages and the section on Parallelism Conelative Paired Conjunctions on pages for more examples. The sentence mayor may not have a comma.
The general rule is this: Put a comma after a dependent clause but not in front of one. For information about subordinators, see Chapter Others The transition signals in this group include nouns such as example, adjectives such as additional, prepositions such as in addition to, verbs such as cause, and adverbs such as too.
There are no punctuation rules for tlns group, but it is important to notice what kinds of words follow these signals. An additional reason for the company's bankruptcy was the lack of competent management. Additional is an adjective, so it is followed by a noun. In addition to increased competition, the lack of competent management caused the company's bankruptcy.
In addition to is a preposition, so it is followed by a noun or noun phrase. Step 1 Circle all the transition signals in the following paragraphs. Step 2 Punctuate the transition signals if necessary.
Recognizing Transition Signals Genetic3 Engineering Genetic research has produced both exciting and frightening possibilities. Scientists are now able to create new forms of life in the laboratory because of the development of gene splicing. One beneficial application of gene splicing is in agriculture.
For example researchers have engineered a more nutritious type of rice that could help alleviate the serious problem of vitamin A deficiency. It is estimated that million children worldwide lack vitamin A, putting them at risk of permanent blindness and other health issues. In addition genetic engineers have created larger fish, frost-resistant strawberries, and cows that produce more milk. Indeed agriculture has already benefited from the promise of genetic engineering.
A dependent clause always begins with a subordinator. Some people feel that it could have terrible consequences. In fact a type of corn engineered to kill a certain insect pest also threatened to annihilate l desirable monarch butterflies. In another accident, a genetically engineered type of corn that was approved only for animal consumption because it was toxic to humans accidentally cross-pollinated with corn grown for humans.
As a result many countries banned imports of genetically modified corn for several years. Furthermore the ability to clone human beings is a possibility that frightens many people. In , two South Korean scientists reported that they had successfully cloned a human embryo Dreifus. CT1CE 1 A. Write the signal Choosing in the space. Add punctuation and change capital letters to small letters if Transition Signals necessary. Note: All the transition signals in this practice are transition phrases and conjunctive adverbs.
This is to give you more practice in using and punctuating these types of transition signals correctly. A recent article in Era magazine suggested ways to reduce inflation. The article suggested that the president reduce the federal budget ; furthermore , it suggested that the government reduce federal, state, and local taxes. The same article said that the causes of inflation were easy to find the cure for inflation was not so easy to prescribe.
Era also suggested that rising wages were one of the primary causes of inflation the government should take action to control wages. In physics, the weight of an object is the gravitational force 3 with which Earth attracts it; , if a man weighs pounds, this means that Earth pulls him down with a force of pounds. The farther away from Earth a person is, the less the gravitational force of Earth. A tsunami is a tidal wave produced by an earthquake on the ocean floor.
Fill in each blank: with an appropriate transition signal from the list provided. Use each signal only once. Add punctuation if necessary. It sometimes seems true that for North Americans, time seems as valuable as money.
You can have time, buy time, and take time. One wonders how much it costs and where it is taken. The 8 proof is that these poor people sometimes take courses in time management! That is really overdoing it, don't you agree? Improve the coherence of the following paragraph by adding transitions in the blank spaces. Use the hints provided in parentheses to help you choose a transition. Move Over, DVD. Here Comes BD! First, CDs brought digital sound into our homes.
Then OVO technology brought digital sound and video and revolutionized the movie industry. Soon there will be 1 additional idea revolution: 8lu-ray discs 80s. A 8lu-ray disc will have several advantages.
A single-sided OVO can hold 4. A single- sided 80, 3 contrast , can hold up to 27 gigabytes, enough for 13 hours of standard video. A double-layer BO can store about 50 gigabytes, enough for 4. The cost will be about the same. Use transition signals to connect the supporting sentences smoothly. You '-'Using Transition may use the transition signals suggested for each topic, or you may use others not Signals listed.
0コメント