Total Length L L required by laterals as shown in Eq. The total lateral discharge is obtained from Eq. The flow rate of submain can be determined by using the total discharge and the required number of sections to be irrigated as given by Eq.
When the field is in trapezoidal, triangular and not rectangular in shape, the design can be made by adjusting the total discharge so the design chart made for rectangular fields can be used directly. Since the submain length is normally short, the submain size is designed for a single size and submain slope is assumed to be uniform and downslope [ 22 ].
Referring to Table 3 , with the discharge of 0. The total length of submain required is Two 2 submains of For the design of the mainline, we refer to Table 4 , the PVC mainline data. Here, one submain will be operated at a time; therefore, discharge through the mainline is the same as the discharge through the submain, this is to say 0.
From Table 4 , it is observed that the head loss at maximum discharge, that is, at 1. Therefore, for calculating actual head loss, reference is made to Table 5. It is found that for a mm pipe and for a 0. The proposed model design layout for the 1-acre banana plantation field was designed as shown in Fig. It consists of two rectangular sections of The required pump discharge is 1.
Therefore, Eq. Since there are only two sections to be irrigated and using Eq. In this study, the major aim was to meet a daily irrigation pumping demand for the banana plantation.
Wind-solar electric energy generation by wind turbines and solar PV panels change between months depending on the available weather conditions that include solar irradiation, temperature, air density, wind speed, and air pressure.
When the metrological data of Kalangala district wind speed and solar periods are put into consideration, it is assumed that more benefit will be gained from solar energy than from wind energy. There are more advantages in using hybrid wind and PV solar technologies as compared to using them separately [ 23 ]. Figure 5 is the proposed system connectivity with two inverters, battery, controller, solar panels, wind turbine and charger controller.
The solar panels required for the hybrid system was obtained from Eq. When the previously sized 0. The average energy requirement for the wind turbine was given by Eq. From Eq. Output coefficient C P of a two-blade high-speed turbine varies between 0. Table 9 is the friction coefficient of various landscapes. The size of the wind turbine that is required to be installed to meet the energy demand or requirement was determined based on the following assumptions.
Capacity factor C p of 0. The power density PD of moving air is given by Eq. Air density is determined according to varying sea level degrees of accuracy. According to [ 23 ], the actual power density as shown in Eq.
The annual useful wind energy density was obtained as a product of wind power density and total operational hours per year as shown in Eq. A wind turbine rotor is the organ that transforms the kinetic energy of wind to mechanical energy. For this reason, it is very important for wind turbines. As shown in Eq..
But the swept area for the Darrieus or Savonious wind turbine can also be obtained from Eq. The height of the blades was then obtained from the aspect ratio as given in Eq. The turbine rated power as shown in Eq.
Equation 26 was then used to estimate the actual rated power and a capacity factor C P of 0. Thus, a 1-kW rated power wind turbine would provide desired annual energy under the given situation. According to Ragheb [ 31 ], for grid-connected wind turbines with three rotor blades, optimal wind tip speed ratio has to be reported as 7, with values over the range 6—8. The above power rating is based on the assumption that the average Kalangala district wind speed of 6.
As per the calculations above, a wind turbine was selected with similar specifications and Table 10 is the specifications for the proposed turbine. This hybrid solar-wind system considered as a case study is a combination of wind and photovoltaic subsystems as shown in Fig. There are 12 photovoltaic panels of 5. The common DC bus collects the total energy from the photovoltaic subsystems and wind and uses it partly to charge the battery bank and partly to supply the weak grid to the water pump AC load via a single-phase inverter.
Figures 7 and 8 show respectively the block diagrams of proposed maximum power point tracking control for PV subsystems and the wind [ 32 ]. For this study, one inverter was proposed to be used for both wind turbine and solar panels, making the system more convenient and on reducing the complexity of the system. The technical specifications for the proposed inverter are given in Table Accumulators are assumed to be used in the system to store DC voltage from solar panels and wind turbine.
The objective is to store surplus electric energy generated from the panels and turbine into accumulators. For this study, a Ah battery was selected to be used for the system, and the number of batteries required was obtained from Eq. The wind turbine was designed using SolidWorks software as shown in Fig.
Since the wind-solar hybrid system is a long-term efficient alternative in pumping water for irrigation in comparison to other types of energy, it is important that the cost remains as low as possible. Table 12 shows the total investment of the Kalangala proposed solar-wind hybrid irrigation system. For simplicity, tax payments, credits and depreciation credits were not considered [ 33 ].
Assuming that the capital cost for the project is obtained as a loan, then the interest payment on the loan was put into consideration. The proposed area for banana plantation is 1 acre Therefore, the number of banana plants to be planted is The design turbine speed is r. From optimization results, the total project cost is The major demerits of independent renewable energy sources are unavailability at all times when needed and high capital cost and energy unavailability of rated wind speed requirement.
Thus, a hybrid energy system solar-wind helps in overcoming the drawbacks of renewable energy sources and thus provides a continuous supply of electricity. Solar-wind hybrid energy system is the most feasible economic solutions in lowering electricity bills; it also avoids the high costs encountered during extending grid power lines to remote areas and provides a clean renewable non-polluting source of electricity. In this paper, the water requirement for irrigating one acre of Nakytengu banana plantation in Kalanga district was determined, pipeline for the irrigation system and design layout made, power to meet the irrigation demand determined and a solar-wind hybrid system sized for supplying the required electric power for irrigation.
Thus, the analysis performed in this paper will set guidelines for energy consultants or engineers and for those who want to set up a solar-wind irrigation system for drip irrigation. Int J Mod Eng Res 2 4 — Google Scholar.
A review of contemporary work and recommendations for future developments. Renew Sust Energ Rev — Article Google Scholar. Turyareeba PJ Renewable energy: its contribution to improved standards of living and modernisation of agriculture in Uganda.
Renew Energy — Odum HT Environment, power and society. Wiley-Interscience, New York. Appl Energy — Smart Grid Renew Energy — Available: www. Accessed 4 Nov Developing hybrid wind and solar powered irrigation system. Concepts Princ Evidences Innov. Considerations for renewable energy mini-grid systems for isolated areas in Uganda. Int J Eng Technol 7 4. Eid AM, Abdel-Salam M, Abdel-Rahman MT Vertical-axis wind turbine modeling and performance with axial-flux permanent magnet synchronous generator for battery charging applications.
Accessed 19 July Brower C, Heibloem M Irrigation water management: Irrigation water needs. FAO Training Manual 3. Rome, Italy. J Irrig Drain Div 2 — J Energy South Africa 26 4 — Adejumobi IA, Akinboro FG, Olajide MB Hybrid solar and wind power: an essential for information communication technology infrastructure and people in rural communities.
Int J Energy Environ Eng 5 4 — In: Wind farm-technical regulations, potential estimation and siting assessment, InTech. Int J Eng Sci Math 2 4 Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Last Modif. Blanco MI The economics of wind energy. Renew Sust Energ Rev 13 6—7 — Simmonds NW The development of the banana fruit.
J Exp Bot 4 1 — Download references. The fund for data collection was obtained from the Makerere University Department of Agricultural and Bio-engineering. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. SS devised the main conceptual ideas; collected, processed, and analysed the data; and wrote major parts of the paper. NK contributed to the methodological design, supervised and critiqued data collection and analysis, revised the manuscript, and made the suggestions for improvements.
NB contributed to the case study description, revised the manuscript, and made the suggestions for improvement. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Nicholas Kiggundu. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Reprints and Permissions. Ssenyimba, S. Designing a solar and wind hybrid system for small-scale irrigation: a case study for Kalangala district in Uganda. Energ Sustain Soc 10, 6 Download citation. Received : 04 March Accepted : 09 January Published : 28 January Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Looking for a fun project to do with the family?
Why not explore the gift that keeps on giving: clean energy. Step 1: Download the materials and print the wind turbine cutout. Department of Energy. Step 2: Cut out the tower and blades. A hand holding a piece of paper and cutting out a shape. Step 3: Color the tower and blades. Step 4: Cut out slots on the tower. Step 5: Fold the tower. Step 6: Fold the blades. Slightly bend each blade along the dotted lines.
0コメント